Amid the rapid expansion of artificial intelligence and the debate on how it should be regulated, research by the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC) examines a key question: who sets the rules and through what infrastructure. The article, published in the journal AI & SOCIETY, is authored by UOC doctoral researcher Andreu Belsunces Gonçalves, from the CNSC research group, and Laura Forlano, from Northeastern University in Boston (United States). The study analyzes how certain technological initiatives not only provide services but also promote governance models based on private digital identity and biometric data systems.